Summary
Objective
To verify possible correlations between formant and cepstral parameters and oropharyngeal
geometry in singers, stratified by sex.
Method
Voice records and oropharyngeal measures of 31 singers – 13 females and 18 males,
mean age of 28 (±5.0) years – were retrieved from a database and analyzed. The oropharyngeal
geometry measures were collected with acoustic pharyngometry, and the voice records
consisted of sustained vowel /Ԑ/ phonation, which were exported to Praat software
and edited to obtain the formant and cepstral parameters, stratified by sex. The Pearson
linear correlation test was applied to relate voice parameters to oropharyngeal geometry,
at the 5% significance level; the linear regression test was used to justify the variable
related to the second formant.
Results
Differences between the sexes were identified only in the oral cavity length (greater
in males) and pharyngeal cavity length (greater in females). There was a linear correlation
between the third formant and the cepstrum in the female group. In the male group,
there was a linear correlation between the cepstrum and the third and fourth formants.
A positive linear correlation with up to 95% confidence was also identified between
the pharyngeal cavity volume and the second formant in the female group, making it
possible to estimate a regression model for the second formant (R2 = 0.70).
Conclusion
There are correlations between the oropharyngeal geometry and formant and cepstral
parameters in relation to sex. The pharyngeal cavity volume showed the greatest correlation
between females and the second formant.
Key words
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of VoiceAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
REFERENCES
- Dissimilarity and the classification of female singing voices. A preliminary study.J Voice. 2003; 17: 195-206
- Laryngeal-level amplitude modulation in vibrato.J Voice. 2009; 23: 156-163
- Acoustic parameters critical for an appropriate vibrato.J Voice. 2012; 26 (820.e19-25)
- The interaction of formant frequency and pitch in the perception of voice category and jaw opening in female singers.J Voice. 2004; 18: 24-37
- The singing voice.Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2010; 61: 441-451
- The effect of supine and upright position on vocal tract configurations during singing—A comparative study in professional tenors.J Voice. 2013; 27: 141-148
- Lower vocal tract morphologic adjustments are relevant for voice timbre in singing.PLOS ONE. 2015; 17: 1-19https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132241
- Acoustic properties of voice timbre types and their influence on voice classification.J Acoust Soc Am. 1977; 61: 1622-1629
- Morphometric differences of vocal tract articulators in different loudness conditions in singing.PLOS ONE. 2016; 20: 1-17https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153792
- Laryngostroboscopic exploration of rough vocal effects in singing and their statistical recognizability: an anatomical and physiological description and visual recognizability study of distortion, growl, rattle, and grunt using laryngostroboscopic imaging and panel assessment.J Voice. 2020; 34 (162.e5-14)
- A review of singing voice subsystem interactions —Toward an extended physiological model of “support.J Voice. 2017; 31 (249.e13–249.e19)
Henrich N. Mirroring the voice from Garcia to the present day: some insights into singing voice registers. 2022.
- A frog in your throat or in your ear? Searching for the causes of poor singing.J Experiment Psychol. 2012; 141: 76-97
- Singers’ phonation threshold pressure and ratings of self-perceived effort on vocal tasks.J Voice. 2013; 27: 295-298
- Changes of some functional speech disorders after surgical correction of skeletal anterior open bite.Int J Rehabil Res. 2015; 38: 246-252
- Quantitative analysis of professionally trained versus untrained voices.Med. 2003; 39: 36-46
- Level and center frequency of the singerís formant.J Voice. 2001; 15: 176-186
- Articulatory interpretation of the singing formant.J Acoustic Soc Am. 1974; 55: 838-844
- Quantifying dysphonia severity using a spectral/cepstral-based acoustic index: comparisons with auditory-perceptual judgements from the CAPE-V.Clin Linguist Phon. 2010; 24: 742-758
- Improving the consistency of formant measurement.J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011; 18 (35-5)
- Formant frequencies in country singer's speech and singing.J Voice. 1999; 13: 161-167
- Long-TermAverage Spectrum characteristics of country singers during speaking and singing.JVoice. 2001; 15: 54-60
- Comparison of singerís formant, speaking ring, and LTA spectrum among classical singers and untrained normal speakers.J Voice. 2001; 15: 344-350
- The speaker's formant.J Voice. 2006; 20: 555-578
- Musical theater and opera singing – Why so different? A study of subglottal pressure, voice source, and formant frequency characteristics.J Voice. 2008; 22: 533-540
- Formation of the actor‘s/speaker‘s formant: a study applying spectrum analysis and computer modeling.J Voice. 2010; 25: 8-150
- Effects of training on time-varying spectral energy and sound pressure level in nine male classical singers.J Voice. 2010; 24: 39-46
- Vocal tract resonance.in: Sataloff RT Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. Raven Press Ltd., New York1991: 49-68
- The acoustic characteristics of professional opera singers performing in chorus versus solo mode.J Voice. 2007; 21: 35-45
- Acoustical study of classical peking opera singing.J Voice. 2012; 26: 137-143
- Cepstral peak prominence: a more reliable measure of dysphonia.J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003; 112: 324-333
- The relationship between cepstral peak prominence and selected parameters of dysphonia.J Voice. 2002; 16: 20-27
- Voice assessment: updates on perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic and endoscopic imaging methods.Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008; 16: 211-215
- Vowel- and text-based cepstral analysis of chronic hoarseness.J Voice. 2012; 26: 416-424
- Cepstral analysis of voice in young adults.J Voice. 2022; 36: 43-49
- The reliability and sensitivity to change of acoustic measures of voice quality.Clinic Otolaryngol All Sci. 2004; 29: 538-544
- Automated speech analysis applied to laryngeal disease categorization.Comp Meth Progr Biomed J. 2008; 91: 36-47
- The effect of segment selection on acoustic analysis.J Voice. 2012; 26: 1-17
- Efectividad del calentamiento vocal fisiológico para cantantes.Rev. Cienc. Salud, Bogotá. 2016; 14: 365-378
- Use of spectral/cepstral analyses for differentiating normal from hypofunctional voices in sustained vowel and continuous speech contexts.J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011; 54: 37-1525
- Validation of the cepstral spectral index of dysphonia (CSID) as a screening tool for voice disorders: development of clinical cutoff scores.J Voice. 2016; 30: 130-144
- Cepstral measures in the assessment of severity of voice disorders.CoDAS. 2019; 31 (9)e20180175https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20182018175
- Acoustic measurement of overall voice quality: a meta-analysis.J Acoustic Soc Am. 2009; 126: 2619-2634
- Análisis acústico de la voz: medidas temporales, espectrales y cepstrales en la voz normal con el Praat en una muestra de hablantes de español.Rev Investigac Logoped. 2017; 7: 108-127
- Cepstral measures to analyze vocal fatigue in individuals with hyperfunctional voice disorder.J Voice. 2021; 35: 815-821
- Do flexible silicone tubes immersed in water combined with vocalise improve the immediate effect on voice?.J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2021; 64: 4535-4562
- Voice classification and vocal tract of singers: a study of x-ray images and morphology.J Acoustic Soc Am. 2009; 125: 12-503
- Adjustment of vocal tract shape via biofeedback: influence on vowels.J Voice. 2018; 34: 335-345
- A comparison of cepstral peak prominence measures from two acoustic analysis programs.J Voice. 2017; 31 (e1-10): 387
- Normative standards for vocal tract dimensions by race as measured by acoustic pharyngometry.J Voice. 2006; 20: 391-400
- Acoustic pharyngometry: clinical and instrumental correlations in sleep disorders.Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol. 2007; 73: 257-265
- The reliability of oral and pharyngeal dimensions captured with acoustic pharyngometry.Dysphagia. 2016; 31: 555-559
- Reproducibility of measurements of upper airway area by acoustic reflection.J Appl Physiol. 1989; 66: 2901-2905
- Heritability of upper airway dimensions derived using acoustic pharyngometry.Eur Respir J. 2008; 32: 1304-1308https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00029808
- Effect of resonance tube technique on oropharyngeal geometry and voice in individuals with parkinson's disease.J Voice. 2021; 35 (e25- 807.e32): 807
- Análise acústica da voz: comparação entre dois tipos de microfones.Audiol., Commun. Res. 2019; 24: e2113
- Supra-epiglottic upper airway volume in elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Accelerating the publication of peer-reviewed science.Califórnia. 2016; 11: 1-10
- The acoustic reflection technique for non invasive assessment of upper airway area.Eur Respirat J. 1991; 4: 602-611
- Normal standard curve for acoustic pharyngometry.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001; 124: 323-330
- Effect of body position on vocal tract acoustics: Acoustic pharyngometry and vowel formants.J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2015; 138: 833-845
- Voice and vocal tract of wind instrumentalists: integrative literature review.Dist Comun. 2020; 32: 64-72
- Acoustic-articulatory configuration of women with vocal nodules and with healthy voice.CoDAS. 2019; 31e20180241
- Vocal tract resonances in speech, singing and playing musical instruments.HFSPJ. 2009; 3: 6-23
- Effect of mandibular advancement surgery on tongue length and height and its correlation with upper airway dimensions.J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg. 2020; 19
- Vocal tract dimensional development of adolescents: an acoustic reflection study.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010; 74: 907-912
- To TH. Vocal tract dimensional characteristics of professional male and female singers with different types of singing voices.Int J Speech-Language Pathol. 2013; 15: 484-491
- Oropharyngeal geometry and the singing voice: immediate effect of two semi-occluded vocal tract exercises.J Voice. 2022; 36: 523-530https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.06.027
- Vocal nodules and laryngeal morphology.J Voice. 2002; 16: 408-414
- Correlation between voice, speech, body and facial types in young adults.Global J Otolaryngol. 2018; 20e556041
- All tied up: the effect of wearing a necktie on acoustic and perceptual measures of male solo singing.J Voice. 2021; 35 (660.e1-8)
- Análisis cepstral de la voz normal y patológica en adultos españoles. Medida de la Prominencia del Pico Cepstral Suavizado en vocales sostenidas versus habla conectada.Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española. 2018; 69: 134-140
- Cepstral peak prominence smoothed distribution as discriminator of vocal health in sustained vowel.in: IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. 2017https://doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC.2017.7969748
- Spectral- and cepstral-based measures during continuous speech: Capacity to distinguish dysphonia and consistency within a speaker.J Voice. 2011; 25: e223-e232
- Comparison of fundamental frequency and formants frequency measurements in two speech tasks.Rev. CEFAC. 2019; 21: e12819https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/201921612819
- Acoustic characteristics of the metallic voice quality.CoDAS. 2015; 27: 97-100
- An acoustical theory of vowel production and some of its implications.J Speech Hear Res. 1961; 4: 303-320
- The singer's formant and the laryngeal adjustments used to realize it: a descriptive review.Rev Acad Mus. 2010; 21: 43-50
- Customized vocal conditioning for singing professional voice users-case report.Rev. CEFAC. 2014; 16: 1713-1722
- Vocal handicap index in popular and erudite professional singers.CoDAS. 2016; 28: 602-609
- Support and singing voice: perspective of singing teachers and speech language pathologists.Rev. CEFAC. 2010; 12: 551-562
Article info
Publication history
Published online: August 09, 2022
Accepted:
July 12,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Corrected ProofFootnotes
Declaration of Competing Interest: None
Funding support: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001 and Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (PROPG/UFPE).
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
